My question is What happened to Teferi's second staff? (and is the crystal in it Memory Crystal?)
To clarify my question I will be using some card art. However, the answer to this question likely lies in the lore of MtG rather than the art.
Teferi is/was/is a planeswalker that has been featured on several cards throughout the year. Notably:
Older cards: Teferi's Response, Teferi, Mage of Zhalfir, Teferi's Care, Teferi's Moat
More recent cards: Teferi's Timebender, Teferi, Temporal Archmage, Oath of Teferi, Opt, Teferi, Hero of Dominaria
I bring this up because it is relevant to have a light understanding of how Wizard's of the Coast gets art. Importantly, contracted artists receive a style guide which helps maintain a cohesive feel for certain creature types, individuals, artifacts, etc across sets and throughout the game's existence.
Thus despite the shift in artistic style from the "older" cards to the "more recent" cards, the main staff we see him hold in Teferi's Response is likely the same staff seen in Teferi, Temporal Archmage. Likewise, despite some recent cards (e.g. Oath of Teferi) depicting the staff made out of metal, most cards indicate that it is made of something wood-like (even the latest Mythic Edition).
So now that we are on the same page that Teferi has a "main" staff which has a beak-like / sickle-esque adornment on top:
we can talk about the Teferi, Mage of Zhalfir Time Spiral art:
where Teferi has two staffs in hand.
Given the progression of how we have seen his "main" staff evolve from Teferi's Response to Teferi, Hero of Dominaria, I would like to make the assumption that the staff in his right hand (left side of image) is his "main" staff. Feel free to disagree.
However, this question is about his other staff (which I will refer to as his "second" staff).
From card art, I can find only two cards with art that feature Teferi wielding two staffs and - unlike pyromancer's goggles - I do not believe the staffs are featured on standalone artifact cards. These two cards are: Teferi, Mage of Zhalfir Time Spiral, and Teferi, Mage of Zhalfir Iconic Masters.
I just showed the former, and the latter we can not see the tops of the staffs (but they have a similar, shorter, more roundish wood-like handle style).
After having contacted some artists about the staffs, one recalled:
I know that when he is holding two it is because his staff was broken at some point. Beyond that I am not sure.
To me that statement is somewhat ambiguous. Does it mean that when he is holding two, he is holding both his broken staff and his new staff? If so, did he get his new staff fashioned to be the same as the prior? Or, if he is only holding one, is because the second was broken?
Some may be of the opinion that the second staff of Teferi, Mage of Zhalfir Time Spiral is broken - as it does not look like the other. While I admit I can see how one could interpret the art that way (the gem atop it may seem fragmented) - as the artists of MtG are known for meticulous detail I lean towards the interpretation that the second staff is in that image not broken. Why? We have seen wonky, powerful gems before (e.g. Memory Crystal, Meek Stone), the gem appears to take up more space in the staff than the other sickle/beak adornment of his main staff, the handle seems to match the edges of the gem and are otherwise smooth at the edges.
Anyway, whether or not the second staff is broken in that image, based solely on the art, is up for debate - unless someone gets a statement from the artist. Of note, is that the previous statement is from an artist who drew Teferi, just not a card where he holds two staffs.
My question is, lore wise, where is his second staff? Did it break? if so, when and why does he not carry it any more? Why would only Teferi, Mage of Zhalfir (originally from Time Spiral and reprinted in Iconic Masters / From the Vault) be the card which features two staffs (i.e. why wouldn't we have seen his second staff in older cards like Teferi's Moat)?
In case it helps, here is a collage of some staff images:
There is one last thing I would like to emphasize from this collage. The core aesthetic features of Teferi's main staff appears consistent across cards that span years. This, to me, suggests that there is a style guide for that staff and while they might look different (e.g. the short staffs of Teferi, Mage of Zhalfir and the long one of Teferi, Temporal Archmage) they are meant to depict the same staff - with some artistic liberties taken.
Otherwise Teferi has gone to a staff maker and has had at least 4 different but similar looking staffs fashioned for him.
Maybe I am looking into this to much. There have only been a handful of named staffs that have appeared on cards e.g. Staff of the ages, Staff of Nin and Staff of Zegon but those tend to not receive new art. An exception, Thunderstaff does have new art with vastly different design from its inception...
However, like Jaya and her goggles, the design of which has remained very consistent, I attribute such consistency - perhaps falsely - to continuity of his main staff (although it is likely easier to get new goggles in the planes of MtG than a staff...).