Ruling from [mtg Gamepedia][1]:

> If a spell moves itself into another zone as part of its resolution
> (as Arc Blade, All Suns' Dawn, and Beacon of Unrest do), rebound won't
> get a chance to apply

Moreover, the card exiling itself is part of the resolution, so [Cast Through Time][2] will not even be able to affect it as it would be already exiled


  [1]: https://mtg.gamepedia.com/Rebound
  [2]: http://gatherer.wizards.com/Pages/Search/Default.aspx?name=%2B%5BCast%20Through%20Time%5D