An artifact is simply a card type, like "land", "creature", "instant" etc. It has no special rules associated with it by virtue of being an artifact, other than the same casting timing restrictions as all non-instants, and the fact that when it resolves, it enters the battlefield same as a creature or enchantment. After you cast an artifact card, it just sits there on the battlefield and only does whatever its own text says it does.
A creature is also a type of card, but it has special rules associated with it because it's a creature. The main ones being that creatures are different than other card types in that they can attack and block.
An "artifact creature" is just an object that is both an artifact and a creature. So Renegade Freighter, as an artifact, cannot attack or block. But because it is also a vehicle, it has a "crew" ability that lets it become an artifact creature, so that you can attack and block with it.